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When is a defendant's conduct an operating and substantial cause of the prohibited result?
When can a later event be treated as a novus actus interveniens because it is truly independent of the defendant's conduct?
Why does the mere occurrence of another event after the defendant's act not by itself break the chain of causation?
How do you analyse medical treatment after D’s act: when is it merely a contributing factor, and when might it be so overwhelming that it breaks causation?
When can a victim's own actions or reactions break the chain of causation between a defendant's conduct and the prohibited result, and why are they not assumed to break it automatically?
In a homicide or serious-injury case involving a third-party intervention, how should legal causation be linked to the specific prohibited result charged?
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