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What voluntary conduct does criminal liability normally require, and when can an omission satisfy that requirement because a legal duty to act exists?
Which involuntary movements, such as a reflex, seizure, or sleepwalking-type automatism, may negate the actus reus?
Faced with a claim of automatic movement, how would you determine whether the defendant’s body was genuinely under conscious control?
Why can involuntariness negate actus reus while duress operates as a defence?
Why must voluntariness be checked before moving to mens rea or any defence?
Suppose an uncontrolled movement injures a passer-by: how would you decide whether liability fails at the conduct stage, distinguish that conclusion from duress, and identify when fault and other defences need consideration?
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